“We will have peace with the Arabs when they love their children more than they hate us.”
- Golda Meir
Prof. Anna Geifman’s 2010 book Death Orders
examines mass political terrorism in pre-revolutionary Russia as a
precedent for today’s Islamist terrorism. Geifman’s study of the Russian
communist terror that prepared the 1917 revolution has enormous value
for students of contemporary Islamist organizations.
A common sociology links the Russian terrorists and the Islamists:
Russia’s “urban populace swelled from around 9 million people in the
mid-19th century to about 25 million in 1913, with inhabitants of most
major Russian cities increasing four- or five-fold,” leading to a
“breakdown of social values.” All of Europe experienced political
upheaval associated with urbanization; but, “Less prepared for the
advent of modernization, the Russians were vulnerable to an even greater
degree,” according to Geifman, “increasingly prone to take an
opportunity to release the bottled-up rage, especially when external
circumstances stimulated the expression of distress.”
I interviewed Prof. Geifman for PJ Media this week by email. The transcript of our discussion follows.
Victims of Breslan
PJM: In Death Orders, you document the
worst epidemic of terrorism in modern history, namely the Red terror in
the dozen years that preceded the Bolshevik revolution. Few people are
aware of its scope: can you cite a few key facts to set this terror wave
in context?
Geifman: Late imperial Russia was one of the
birthplaces of modern terrorism, which is a new type of political
violence. Subversives and insurrectionists had killed their adversaries
as far back as 11th century , of course, but the terror
campaign to which I am referring was essentially different from
assassinations that had occurred elsewhere. A hallmark of this new kind
of terror, which has escalated over the past 100 years, is that its
objectives have shifted from the punishment of individual adversaries
and the privileged, to indiscriminate cruelty carried out en masse.
And it was Russia where we first saw terrorism that expressed modern
and political fanaticism, with the intentional use of violence against
civilian targets for the sake of ideological purposes.
Earlier, terrorism was directed against prominent political figures,
as punishment for specific deeds or policy. With Russia, terror became
systematic. Between 1905 and 1907, terrorists inflicted over 9,000
casualties among officials and bystanders. By 1907, there were regions
where Communist terrorists killed an average of 18 people each day.
Assassinations became so commonplace that newspapers stopped reporting
them. Acts of terror became more common than traffic accidents. By the
most conservative estimate, terrorists killed and wounded 16,800 Russian
in the years 1905-1910. All in all, in the last 17 years of Russia’s
imperial regime, about 17,000 were killed or maimed in 23,000 terrorist
attacks.
Bodies amidst the rubble in Breslan
PJM: We identify terror today with radical Islam,
yet your study shows that the motivations for terror on a grand scale
have a broader source than Islam. What is it that unites Red terrorists
and Islamic jihadists?
Geifman: Terrorism is a variant of a phenomenon
which psychiatrist and historian Robert Lifton called “totalism.” Its
devotees — anarchists, Marxists, or Islamists — want to impose a new
order based on an “all-or-nothing claim to truth.” They operate within
distinctive parameters of a “theology of Armageddon — a final battle
between good and evil” – in which the stakes are nothing less than
universal salvation. As outlined in Eric Hoffer’s classic, The True Believer,
such movements have mastered the art of “religiofication,” that is,
converting political grievances into messianic aspirations and
“practical purposes into holy causes.”*
In the 20th century, this mode of structured violence has
taken on a life of its own. It is no longer rooted in a a particular
social context and accumulated destructive energy. It goes beyond
particular social or economic problems, or adherence to a militant
doctrine. Totalist ideology and its use of terror is a global
phenomenon.
A dead baby lies in the rubble of the gymnasium
PJM: You have taken up an historical theme that many academics avoid. What motivated you to undertake this study?
Geifman: For me, an overwhelming experience and a
turning point was the Islamist atrocity at Beslan, a tiny town in the
Russian republic of North Osetia, in the northern Caucasus. On 1
September 2004, amid the annual back-to-school festivities across the
former Soviet Union, 32 heavily-armed, masked hostage-takers held nearly
1,200 children, their relatives, and teachers inside a school. For
three days horror-stricken parents waited and prayed in the schoolyard.
Negotiations with terrorists reached a stalemate after they rejected
requests for hostages to receive food and medications. Children fainted,
had seizures, hallucinated. Finally, on September 3 several blasts
shook the school. As the security forces were making their way inside
the burning building, amid smoke, screams, and confusion, half-naked
boys and girls jumped out of windows and ran for their lives — and the
terrorists methodically shot them in the back from the rooftop. 334
people died including 156 children.
By then, I had studied terrorism as an academic subject for 20 years,
but images of armed men shooting point-blank at small children stripped
of their clothes stirred terrible memories. We had already seen all
this in the Holocaust — the defenseless nakedness, the ash and
blood-covered bodies, the strangely composed, otherworldly faces. The
ruins of that school, where hundreds of prisoners suffered from
unbearable heat and dozens perished in flames, were not just the site of
another terrorist act; for me, they were a symbol of mass homicide. For
me as a Jew, they were akin to the chimneys of Auschwitz.
I wrote this book as a scholar, with academic standards of evidence
and argument. After Beslan, though, terrorism was no longer an issue
that I could tackle as an intellectual enterprise. Mass murder of
civilians, whether at the World Trade Center in 2001 or Beslan in 2004,
has become the terrorists’ top priority. I saw this personally when I
did research and taught in the Israeli town of Sderot. There, between
2001 and 2009, approximately 12,000 Qassam rockets produced by Hamas
exploded in residential areas. You can’t work on this material as a
scholar without sharing the pain of the victims.
In the dead hand of a Breslan victim, a cross...
PJM: After the so-called Arab Spring, there’s a
tendency to play down the terrorist connections of organizations like
the Muslim Brotherhood in Hamas, on the grounds that America has to deal
with parties that win elections. What does your study of the Russian
experience tell us about the evolution of terrorist organizations? Are
they likely to become peaceable after they win elections?
Geifman: Russia was the first country ever to live
under a totalist ideology upheld by men with extensive terrorist
experience. Having taken over the administration, the Bolsheviks
proceeded to implement government-sponsored machinery of state terror —
relying on the pre-1917 terrorist mentality and practices.
Lenin and his associates perpetrated what they called the “Red
Terror” — an instrument of repression in the hands of the revolutionary
regime. Building on the notion of indiscriminate or “motiveless terror”
of the early 1900s, the Bolsheviks launched their campaign of
state-sponsored coercion against groups and individuals designated as
“class enemies” of the proletarian dictatorship. Lenin repeatedly
claimed that they “forced” terrorism upon the Bolsheviks, who had to
kill “in self-defense.” In reality, he had planned mass repressions a
decade before he had a chance to introduce them as a state policy. As
early as 1908 he had envisaged “real, nation-wide terror, which
reinvigorates the country.”
Seeking to become a single-party government, the Bolsheviks did away
even with fellow-revolutionaries. We would see similar effort on the
part of Hitler’s cohorts in their initial years in power. Presently,
extremists contest political control in the not-yet-established
Palestinian state and fight for its meager economic resources. For
example, in July 2008, the Hamas eliminated Fatah supporters in Gaza —
exactly the way in July 1918 in Moscow, Lenin had done away with the
radical Left Socialists-Revolutionaries — the last obstacle to Bolshevik
one-party rule. This example emphasizes the point: terrorists in power
demonstrate determination to establish terror-based dictatorships.
Elections are hardly a guarantee against state terrorism. It does not
matter that the Muslim Brotherhood was voted into government in Egypt
via a democratic process. The chance that these jihadists will become
more moderate is about the same as it was for the Nazis to seek peace
after being elected to power.
* Some collective salvation quotes of Obama:
- Senator Barack Obama, 8 October 2007
"My individual salvation is not going to come about without a collective salvation for the country. Unfortunately, I think that recognition requires that we make sacrifices and this country has not always been willing to make the sacrifices to bring about a new day and a new age."
- Barack Obama, 1995
"... my individual salvation is not going to come about without a
collective salvation for the country. Um, unfortunately I think that
recognition requires that we make sacrifices and this country has not
always been willing to make the sacrifices necessary to bring about a
new day and a new age."
"My individual salvation depends on our collective salvation."
- Barack Obama, Dreams of My Father, 2004
"I ask you to take it because you have an obligation to yourself. Because our individual salvation depends on our collective salvation."
"Because our individual salvation depends on collective salvation. Because thinking only about yourself, fulfilling your immediate wants and needs, betrays a poverty of ambition."
- Barack Obama, Wesleyan commencement address, 2008
Whenever men set out to create "Heaven on Earth" or a "Kingdom on Earth," they invariably end up creating hell instead.
No comments:
Post a Comment