"I ask, Sir, what is the militia? It is the whole people. To
disarm the people is the best and most effectual way to enslave them."
- George Mason, co-author of the Second
Amendment during Virginia's Convention to Ratify the Constitution, 1788
"A militia, when properly formed, are in fact the people
themselves …"
- Richard Henry Lee, writing in Letters
from the Federal Farmer to the Republic, Letter XVIII, May, 1788.
"The people are not to be disarmed of their weapons. They are
left in full possession of them."
- Zachariah Johnson, Elliot's Debates, Vol. 3 "The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of
the Federal Constitution."
"… the people are confirmed by the next article in their right
to keep and bear their private arms"
- Philadelphia Federal Gazette, 18 June 1789, Pg. 2, Col. 2 Article on the Bill of Rights
"And that the said Constitution be never construed
to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the Press, or the
rights of Conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States, who are
peaceable citizens, from keeping their own arms; …"
- Samuel Adams, Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer, 20 August 1789, "Propositions submitted to the
Convention of this State"
"Firearms stand next in importance to the constitution itself. They
are the American people's liberty teeth and keystone under independence …
from the hour the Pilgrims landed to the present day, events, occurrences and
tendencies prove that to ensure peace security and happiness, the rifle and
pistol are equally indispensable … the very atmosphere of firearms anywhere
restrains evil interference — they deserve a place of honor with all that's
good."
- George Washington, First President of the United States
"To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the
people always possess arms and be taught alike, especially when young,
how to use them."
- Richard Henry Lee, American Statesman, 1788
"The great object is that
every man be armed." and "Everyone
who is able may have a gun."
- Patrick Henry, American Patriot
"Are we at last brought to
such humiliating and debasing degradation, that we cannot be trusted with arms
for our defense? Where is the difference between having our arms in possession
and under our direction and having them under the management of Congress? If our defense be the real object of
having those arms, in whose hands can they be trusted with more propriety, or
equal safety to us, as in our own hands?"
- Patrick Henry, American Patriot
"Those who hammer their guns into plowshares will plow for
those who do not."
- Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States
"The constitutions of most
of our States assert that all power is inherent in the people; that … it is their right and duty to be at all
times armed;… "
- Thomas Jefferson, letter to Justice John Cartwright, 5 June 1824. ME
16:45
"The best we can help for
concerning the people at large is that
they be properly armed."
- Alexander Hamilton, The
Federalist Papers at 184-8
"A strong body makes the mind strong. As to the species of
exercises, I advise the gun. While this gives moderate exercise to the body, it
gives boldness, enterprise and independence to the mind. Games played with the
ball, and others of that nature, are too violent for the body and stamp no
character on the mind. Let your gun therefore be your constant companion of
your walks."
- Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr,
1785, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
"One loves to possess
arms, though they hope never to have occasion for them."
- Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1796, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
"We established however some, although not all its [self-government]
important principles. The constitutions of most of our States assert, that
all power is inherent in the people; that they may exercise it by
themselves, in all cases to which they think themselves competent, (as in
electing their functionaries executive and legislative, and deciding by a jury
of themselves, in all judiciary cases in which any fact is involved,) or they
may act by representatives, freely and equally chosen; that it is their
right and duty to be at all times armed."
- Thomas Jefferson to John Cartwright, 1824
"No freeman shall ever be debarred the use of arms."
- Thomas Jefferson: Draft Virginia Constitution, 1776.
Gun control advocates always point to the word "militia" in
the Second Amendment as proof that the Founders would support gun control
laws. That contention is not supported
by the historical documents. As the
Founders continually acknowledged, A MILITIA IS THE WHOLE OF THE PEOPLE. In fact, in the Second MILITIA Act of 1792,
ALL able-bodied, white men over the age of 18 were required to possess a gun.
William Rawle, authored "A
View of the Constitution of the United States of America" in 1829. His
work was adopted as a constitutional law textbook at West Point and other
institutions. In Chapter 10, he describes the scope of the Second Amendment's
right to keep and bear arms:
"The
prohibition is general. No clause in the constitution could by any rule of
construction be conceived to give congress a power to disarm the people. Such a
flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state
legislature. But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power, either should
attempt it, this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both."
Chief Justice Story (appointed to
the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice by James Madison in 1811), wrote a
constitutional commentary in 1833 ("Commentaries
on the Constitution of the United States"). Regarding the Second
Amendment, he wrote:
The next amendment
is: "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed."
The importance of
this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons, who have duly reflected
upon the subject. The militia is the natural defence of a free country against
sudden foreign invasions, domestic insurrections, and and domestic usurpations
of power by rulers. It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up
large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace, both from
the enormous expenses, with which they are attended, and the facile means,
which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers, to subvert the
government, or trample upon the rights of the people. The right of the citizens
to keep and bear arms has justly been considered, as the palladium of the
liberties of a republic; since it offers a strong moral check against the
usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers; and will generally, even if these are
successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over
them."
The Purpose of the Militia Clause:
"Collective
rights theorists argue that addition of the subordinate clause qualifies the
rest of the amendment by placing a limitation on the people's right to bear
arms. However, if the amendment truly meant what collective rights advocates
propose, then the text would read "[a] well regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the States to keep and
bear Arms, shall not be infringed." However, that is not what the framers
of the amendment drafted. THE PLAIN LANGUAGE OF THE AMENDMENT, WITHOUT
ATTENUATE INFERENCES THEREFROM, SHOWS THAT THE FUNCTION OF THE SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE WAS NOT TO QUALIFY THE RIGHT, BUT INSTEAD TO SHOW WHY IT MUST BE
PROTECTED. The right exists independent of the existence of the
militia. If this right were not protected, the existence of the militia, and
consequently the security of the state, would be jeopardized." (U.S. v.
Emerson, 46 F.Supp.2d 598 (N.D.Tex. 1999)).
